EUROFLAG TODAY

EUROFLAG TODAY

giovedì 6 dicembre 2012


Ablazione con catetere per la FA: a chi, perché e...funziona?

Molto interessante e completa una recente review sulle problematiche connesse alla possibilità di utilizzare l'ablazione trans-catetere quale trattamento "definitivo" della Fibrillazione Atriale. Interessante perché si pone delle domande pratiche: a quali pazienti? in che "stadio" della malattia? è cost-effective? Tutti quesiti che rappresentano il core del problema decisionale. Le conclusioni degli AA ed i loro messaggi principali sono così sintetizzabili:
·         non vi è dubbio che la FA rappresenti un importante fattore di rischio per l'ictus

·         il problema è se questo fattore di rischio debba essere controllato o eliminato

·         la scoperta dei potenziali elettrofisiologici che partono dalle vene polmonari e che possono sostenere la FA ha portato alla messa a punto delle metodiche di ablazione

·         l'ablazione è sempre più usata dopo il fallimento dei farmaci antiaritmici, ma la nostra capacità di giudicarne la reale efficacia è ostacolata dalla mancanza di dati a lungo termine

·         lo studio CABANA attualmente in corso, indagando un end point hard come la mortalità dopo ablazione, dovrebbe fornire ulteriori informazioni riguardo al successo di questa procedura (ClinicalTrials.gov accessed 22 Apr 2012).

·         al momento i dati disponibili portano a concludere che l'ablazione determini un beneficio clinico nei pazienti giovani, sintomatici, così come in quelli con insufficienza cardiaca ed obesi

·         ci sono prove che indicano che si tratta di una strategia conveniente

·         le attuali linee guida NICE consigliano di ricorrere all'ablazione solo nei pazienti sintomatici che non hanno risposto ad una adeguata terapia antiaritmica (National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Atrial Fibrillation: The Management of Atrial Fibrillation. NICE Clinical Guideline 36. London: NICE, 2006), ma vi sono anche prove che suggeriscono l'efficacia della metodica quale trattamento iniziale per una FA parossistica (Nielsen JC,et al. A randomized multicenter comparison of radiofrequency ablation and antiarrhythmic drug therapy as first-line treatment in 294 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2011;124:2369). Se, dimostrata sicura ed efficace in studi a lungo termine, l'ablazione potrà pertanto essere raccomandata sia dopo il fallimento di una adeguata terapia antiaritmica ma anche come scelta preferenziale ed iniziale, condivisa con i pazienti che soffrono di FA parossistica

·         sono necessari studi a lungo termine per confrontare il controllo del ritmo ottenuto con l'ablazione vs il controllo della frequenza ottenuto farmacologicamente

·         se il controllo del ritmo ottenibile con l'ablazione si dimostrasse superiore e conveniente, la strategia di gestione attuale richiederebbe una modificazione significativa.

Messaggi Principali:

·         Il ritmo sinusale è ovviamente preferibile alla FA, in particolare se il paziente è sintomatico

·         come trattamento di scelta nei pazienti altamente sintomatici, è preferibile ed opportuno utilizzare il controllo del ritmo

·         se un paziente è refrattario ad un adeguato trattamento antiaritmico, è opportuno prendere in considerazione l'ablazione transcatetere

·         molti episodi di FA sono asintomatici e possono passare inosservati

·         i giovani pazienti sintomatici con FA parossistica sono attualmente i migliori candidati per l'ablazione con catetere della aritmia

·         il desiderio di interrompere la terapia con warfarin non è un'indicazione per l'ablazione.


Eyre-Brook SN, Rajappan K. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: who, why and does it work? Postgrad Med J 2012; 88: 604-611 doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-130896

Anche in chirurgia ambulatoriale o DH indispensabile stratificare il rischio di TEV

Sempre più di frequente la chirurgia è diventata pratica ambulatoriale o di day hospital. Al momento non esistono dati relativi all'incidenza precoce (a 30 gg dall'intervento) del tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) in questo particolare setting di pazienti. Un recente studio prospettico osservazionale americano ha voluto colmare questa lacuna conoscitiva e per tale motivo, utilizzando l'enorme database dell'American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP), ha identificato più di 300.000 pazienti che dal 2005 al 2009 fossero stati sottoposti ad interventi chirurgici ambulatoriali o in DH, con lo scopo di verificare in quanti di questi fosse comparso un episodio di TEV necessitante un intervento terapeutico. Definito con una metodica statistica complessa ma efficace, il peso dei fattori di rischio indipendenti per la comparsa di un TEV era il seguente: gravidanza in corso: adjusted OR 7.80, p = 0.044
cancro attivo: OR 3.66, p = 0.005
età 41-59 anni: OR 1.72, p = 0.008
60 anni o più: OR 2.48, p <0,001
indice di massa corporea 40 kg/m2 o superiore: OR 1.81, p = 0.015
tempo operatorio 120 minuti o più: OR 1.69, p = 0.027
chirurgia artroscopica: OR 5.16, p <0.001
chirurgia interessante la crosse safena: OR 13.20, p <0.001
altra chirurgia venosa: OR 15.61, p <0.001
Gli autori dello studio hanno proposto e validato una scheda di stratificazione del rischio di TEV (vedi Figura 1 acclusa) che, utilizzata per la casistica in questione, ha consentito di verificare la correlazione fra rischio prevedibile e comparsa di episodi clinici. Nella fattispecie il tasso di comparsa di un episodio di TEV (vedi Figura 2) è risultato il seguente: circa 0.05% nei pazienti con un basso rischio calcolato (0-2 punti)
poco più dello 0.1% in quelli con rischio moderato (3-5 punti)
quasi 0.4% nei pazienti con alto rischio (6-10 punti)
oltre l'1% in coloro che avevano un punteggio superiore agli 11 punti.
Risultano ovvie le correlate decisioni terapeutiche da prendere in considerazione.

Pannucci CJ et al. Identifying patients at high risk for venous thromboembolism requiring treatment after outpatient surgery. Ann Surg 2012;255(6):1093-9

venerdì 16 novembre 2012


2009 Apr 28;61(4):290-302. Epub 2009 Feb 26.

Therapeutic strategies by modulating oxygen stress in cancer and inflammation.

Source

Department of Microbiology & Oncology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan. fangjun@ph.sojo-u.ac.jp

Abstract

Oxygen is the essential molecule for all aerobic organisms, and plays predominant role in ATP generation, namely, oxidative phosphorylation. During this process, reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) are produced as by-products, while it seems indispensable for signal transduction pathways that regulate cell growth and reduction-oxidation (redox) status. However, during times of environmental stress ROS levels may increase dramatically, resulting in significant damage to cell structure and functions. This cumulated situation of ROS is known as oxidative stress, which may, however, be utilized for eradicating cancer cells. It is well known that oxidative stress, namely over-production of ROS, involves in the initiation and progression of many diseases and disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, viral pathogenesis, drug-induced tissue injury, hypertension, formation of drug resistant mutant, etc. Thus, it is reasonable to counter balance of ROS and to treat such ROS-related diseases by inhibiting ROS production. Such therapeutic strategies are described in this article, that includes polymeric superoxide dismutase (SOD) (e.g., pyran copolymer-SOD), xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor as we developed water soluble form of 4-amino-6-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (AHPP), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inducers (e.g., hemin and its polymeric form), and other antioxidants or radical scavengers (e.g., canolol). On the contrary, because of its highly cytotoxic nature, ROS can also be used to kill cancer cells if one can modulate its generation selectively in cancer. To achieve this goal, a unique therapeutic strategy was developed named as "oxidation therapy", by delivering cytotoxic ROS directly to the solid tumor, or alternatively inhibiting the antioxidative enzyme system, such as HO-1 in tumor. This anticancer strategy was examined by use of O(2)(-) or H(2)O(2)-generating enzymes (i.e., XO and d-amino acid oxidase [DAO] respectively), and by discovering the inhibitor of HO-1 (i.e., zinc protoporphyrin [ZnPP] and its polymeric derivatives). Further for the objective of tumor targeting and thus reducing side effects, polymer conjugates or micellar drugs were prepared by use of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or styrene maleic acid copolymer (SMA), which utilize EPR (enhanced permeability and retention) effect for tumor-selective delivery. These macromolecular drugs further showed superior pharmacokinetics including much longer in vivo half-life, particularly tumor targeted accumulation, and thus remarkable antitumor effects. The present review concerns primarily our own works, in the direction of "Controlling oxidative stress: Therapeutic and delivery strategy" of this volume

1996 Apr 1;77(9):739-44.

Influence of obesity on the diagnostic value of electrocardiographic criteria for detecting left ventricular hypertrophy.

Source

Centre d'Investigations Cliniques, and the Service d'Informatique Medicale, Hôpital Broussais, Paris, France.

Abstract

Easily applicable, clinically relevant electrocardiographic criteria are needed to screen large populations for left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in a population of 380 hypertensive patients of both sexes, whether obesity modified the diagnostic performance of Sokolow-Lyon and Cornell voltage criteria by comparing them with echocardiographic evaluations using different indexation methods for LV mass presentation (body surface area and various powers of the height variable). For the population as a whole, Cornell voltage was better correlated to LV mass than was Sokolow-Lyon voltage (r = 0.48 and 0.36, respectively). The poorest performance of Sokolow-Lyon voltage was observed among obese patients (best r = 0.1 and 0.21 in obese women and men, respectively). Sensitivities were assessed at a 95% specificity level. In nonobese patients, using sex-adjusted voltage values (43 and 36 mm in men and women, respectively, for Sokolow-Lyon voltage, and 28 and 25 mm for Cornell voltage), the sensitivities of Cornell voltage and Sokolow-Lyon voltage were similar in men and women (near 22% and 36%, respectively), whatever the indexation method used for LV mass. In obese patients, Cornell voltage sensitivity was similar to that of nonobese patients, whereas Sokolow-Lyon voltage had a much poorer sensitivity (<10%). For simple LV hypertrophy detection criteria, Sokolow-Lyon voltage should be avoided in obese hypertensive patients and replaced by the Cornell voltage criteria, which are not influenced by the presence of obesity.

2004 Aug;44(2):175-9. Epub 2004 Jun 28.

New gender-specific partition values for ECG criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy: recalibration against cardiac MRI.

Source

British Heart Foundation Cardiac MRI Unit, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK.

Abstract

ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) were mostly validated using left ventricular mass (LVM) as measured by M-mode echocardiography. LVM as measured by cardiac MRI has been demonstrated to be much more accurate and reproducible. We reevaluated the sensitivity and specificity of 4 ECG criteria of LVH against LVM as measured by cardiac MRI. Patients with systemic hypertension (n=288) and 60 normal volunteers had their LVM measured using a 1.5-Tesla MRI system. A 12-lead ECG was recorded, and 4 ECG criteria were evaluated: Sokolow-Lyon voltage, Cornell voltage, Cornell product, and Sokolow-Lyon product. Based on a cardiac MRI normal range, 39.9% of the hypertensive males and 36.7% of the hypertensive females had elevated LVM index. At a specificity of 95%, the Sokolow-Lyon product criterion had the highest sensitivity in females (26.2%), the Cornell criterion had the highest sensitivity in males (26.2%), and the Cornell product criteria had a relatively high sensitivity in both males and females (25.0% and 23.8%). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed the Cornell and Cornell product criteria to be superior for males whereas the Sokolow-Lyon product criterion was superior for females. Comparing the mean LVM index values of the subjects who were ECG LVH positive to the normal volunteers indicated that the ECG LVH criteria detect individuals with an LVM index substantially above the normal range. We have redefined the partition values for 4 different ECG LVH criteria, according to gender, and found that they detect subjects with markedly elevated LVM index

2012 May;30(5):990-6.

ECG detection of left ventricular hypertrophy: the simpler, the better?

Source

Cardiology-Hypertension Department, Hôpital Saint André, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. philippe.gosse@chu-bordeaux.fr

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

ECG is commonly employed to identify left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and a high risk of cardiovascular events (CVE) in hypertensive patients. However, the multiplicity of the existing criteria does not simplify interpretation of the data. We compared a number of common criteria in hypertensive patients by taking as references left ventricular mass (LVM) measured by echocardiography and prediction of incident CVE.

METHODS:

The population was a cohort of 958 hypertensive patients (mean age 48 years) recruited before any treatment and having benefited from an ECG and an echocardiography. We evaluated their outcomes at regular intervals. We examined the relationships between several ECG criteria of LVH and LVM as well the occurrence of CVE.

RESULTS:

Among the various parameters tested (Sokoloff, Cornell, Cornell product) the simple measurement of the RaVL wave offered the best correlations to LVM and the best prediction of the existence of an echocardiographic LVH (receiver-operating characteristic curves). Its alterations were best correlated with the changes in LVM during the follow-up period. Moreover, this simple measurement offered the best performance for the prediction of the occurrence of CVE (123 events after a mean lapse of 12 years).

CONCLUSION:

In the interpretation of an ECG in the hypertensive patient, the single measurement of the R wave in aVL gives results at least as good as those of more complicated indices, which do not appear to contribute further to the diagnosis of LVH and the prediction of cardiovascular risk

martedì 30 ottobre 2012

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